Architecture, history, standards, and trends
Today, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are familiar terms to
millions of people all over the world. Many people depend on applications
enabled by the Internet, such as electronic mail and Web access. In addition,
the increase in popularity of business applications places additional emphasis
on the Internet. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
protocol suite is the engine for the Internet and networks worldwide. Its
simplicity and power has lead to its becoming the single network protocol of
choice in the world today. In this chapter, we give an overview of the TCP/IP
protocol suite. We discuss how the Internet was formed, how it developed
and how it is likely to develop in the future.
1.1 TCP/IP architectural model
The TCP/IP protocol suite is so named for two of its most important protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). A less used
name for it is the Internet Protocol Suite, which is the phrase used in official
Internet standards documents. We use the more common, shorter term,
TCP/IP, to refer to the entire protocol suite in this book.
1.1.1 Internetworking
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks,
referred to as an internetwork, or internet, that provided universal
communication services over heterogeneous physical networks. The clear
benefit of such an internetwork is the enabling of communication between
hosts on different networks, perhaps separated by a large geographical area.
The words internetwork and internet is simply a contraction of the phrase
interconnected network. However, when written with a capital "I", the Internet
refers to the worldwide set of interconnected networks. Hence, the Internet is
an internet, but the reverse does not apply. The Internet is sometimes called
the connected Internet.
The Internet consists of the following groups of networks:
• Backbones: Large networks that exist primarily to interconnect other
networks. Currently the backbones are NSFNET in the US, EBONE in
Europe, and large commercial backbones.
• Regional networks connecting, for example, universities and colleges.
4 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview
• Commercial networks providing access to the backbones to subscribers,
and networks owned by commercial organizations for internal use that
also have connections to the Internet.
• Local networks, such as campus-wide university networks.
In most cases, networks are limited in size by the number of users that can
belong to the network, by the maximum geographical distance that the
network can span, or by the applicability of the network to certain
environments. For example, an Ethernet network is inherently limited in terms
of geographical size. Hence, the ability to interconnect a large number of
networks in some hierarchical and organized fashion enables the
communication of any two hosts belonging to this internetwork. Figure 1
shows two examples of internets. Each is comprised of two or more physical
networks.
Senin, 22 November 2010
TUGAS RFID
RFID Technical Tutorial
Presented by: Dale R. Thompson
Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Engineering
University of Arkansas
Presented by: Dale R. Thompson
Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Engineering
University of Arkansas
Goals
(Gen-2) passive tags being introduced into
retail.
What is RFID?
animals, humans)
- Understand the details of RFID with focus
(Gen-2) passive tags being introduced into
retail.
- Introduce the security threats to RFID and
- Convince you that Privacy Assurance is
What is RFID?
- Stands for Radio Frequency Identification
- Uses radio waves for identification
- New frontier in the field of information
- One form of Automatic Identification
- Provides unique identification or serial
animals, humans)
TUGAS ROUTING
Routing, BGP
Overview
•Kent MAN router interconnect
•Routing Tutorial
•Routing Protocols used within Kent MAN
Kent MAN Interconnect
•ATM LANE to ATM PVC’s
•Remote sites: Radio links to Short Haul data circuits
•ATM 155Mbps to Gigabit Ethernet Backbone –BT wavestreamcircuits
Routing Tutorial
What does the router do?
Router finds a path and forwards the
packet:
–Routing: building maps and giving directions
–Forwarding: moves packets between interfaces
Path choice and Forwarding
•Finding the Path
–The path is derived from information received from a routing protocol
–If several paths exist the best next hop is stored in the forwarding table
–Decisions are updated periodically or as a topology change occurs
•Forwarding
–Based on destination forwarding
–Longest match forwarding
More specific prefix preferred over less specific
Overview
•Kent MAN router interconnect
•Routing Tutorial
•Routing Protocols used within Kent MAN
Kent MAN Interconnect
•ATM LANE to ATM PVC’s
•Remote sites: Radio links to Short Haul data circuits
•ATM 155Mbps to Gigabit Ethernet Backbone –BT wavestreamcircuits
Routing Tutorial
What does the router do?
Router finds a path and forwards the
packet:
–Routing: building maps and giving directions
–Forwarding: moves packets between interfaces
Path choice and Forwarding
•Finding the Path
–The path is derived from information received from a routing protocol
–If several paths exist the best next hop is stored in the forwarding table
–Decisions are updated periodically or as a topology change occurs
•Forwarding
–Based on destination forwarding
–Longest match forwarding
More specific prefix preferred over less specific
TUGAS WIMAK
WiMAX System Level
Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
October 24, 2007Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
• Link-Level vs. System-Level Simulation
• System Modeling Parameters
• Application Traffic Models
• MAC Layer Modeling
• PHY Modeling
• Annexes
• 10 Facts About AATG Simulation Effort
Goals of System Level Model
• Provide quantitative proof of WiMAX superiority
• Carriers need:
– Capacity Planning
– Performance Optimization
– Operational Guidelines
• Users need:
– Operational Guidelines
• Vendors need:
– Performance impact of various features
⇒ Develop a system level simulation methodology and
simulation package for application performance analysis
• Consists of three related projects
– System Level Simulation Methodology
– Physical Layer Model Library
– System-Level NS-2 Simulator
WUGAS WIMAK
WiMAX System Level
Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
October 24, 2007Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
• Link-Level vs. System-Level Simulation
• System Modeling Parameters
• Application Traffic Models
• MAC Layer Modeling
• PHY Modeling
• Annexes
• 10 Facts About AATG Simulation Effort
Goals of System Level Model
• Provide quantitative proof of WiMAX superiority
• Carriers need:
– Capacity Planning
– Performance Optimization
– Operational Guidelines
• Users need:
– Operational Guidelines
• Vendors need:
– Performance impact of various features
⇒ Develop a system level simulation methodology and
simulation package for application performance analysis
• Consists of three related projects
– System Level Simulation Methodology
– Physical Layer Model Library
– System-Level NS-2 Simulator
TUGAS WIMAK
WiMAX System Level
Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
Modeling Methodology:
A Tutorial
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
jain@wustl.edu
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain
The slides are available on-line in AWG-AATG Methodology
Documents folder in WiMAX Forum AATG Group Documents
WiMAX F2F Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan
October 24, 2007
• Link-Level vs. System-Level Simulation
• System Modeling Parameters
• Application Traffic Models
• MAC Layer Modeling
• PHY Modeling
• Annexes
• 10 Facts About AATG Simulation Effort
Goals of System Level Model
• Provide quantitative proof of WiMAX superiority
• Carriers need:
– Capacity Planning
– Performance Optimization
– Operational Guidelines
• Users need:
– Operational Guidelines
• Vendors need:
– Performance impact of various features
⇒ Develop a system level simulation methodology and
simulation package for application performance analysis
• Consists of three related projects
– System Level Simulation Methodology
– Physical Layer Model Library
– System-Level NS-2 Simulator
• System Modeling Parameters
• Application Traffic Models
• MAC Layer Modeling
• PHY Modeling
• Annexes
• 10 Facts About AATG Simulation Effort
Goals of System Level Model
• Provide quantitative proof of WiMAX superiority
• Carriers need:
– Capacity Planning
– Performance Optimization
– Operational Guidelines
• Users need:
– Operational Guidelines
• Vendors need:
– Performance impact of various features
⇒ Develop a system level simulation methodology and
simulation package for application performance analysis
• Consists of three related projects
– System Level Simulation Methodology
– Physical Layer Model Library
– System-Level NS-2 Simulator
WIMAK
Introducing WiMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an exciting
new technology that delivers carrier class, high-speed, wireless broadband at a much lower cost than cellular and over a much greater range than WiFi.
WiMAX delivers not just significant improvements in speed, throughput and capacity to home and small business users, but also enables portable and mobile services to laptops and handheld devices.
The appeal of WiMAX systems lies in the fact that they can be applied to a host of applications offered by a range of different providers –— including cellular operators, wireline carriers, cable operators, MSOs and new entrants.
WiMAX makes new performance levels and new provider economics possible,
transforming the business case for deployment of broadband wireless access.
It creates the environment for high quality, multi-megabit services to be delivered to end users more cost effectively by creating a global marketplace and a framework for
inspiring innovation.
WiMAX has two options: Fixed
WiMAX, based on the standard IEEE
802.16-2004 or 802.16d, and IEEE
802.16-2005 or 802.16e that supports
both fixed and mobile usage.
This product brief details Nortel’s WiMAX 1000 product, which is our 802.16d Fixed WiMAX solution.
Nortel’s edge in WiMAX Experience in Wireless. Nortel is the only WiMAX vendor with experience in all mobile technologies available today across both public and private networks.
As a leading systems integrator in the 2G and 3G markets, Nortel has designed and implemented over 300 networks across 70 countries. In addition, we bring to bear the expertise of our partners, such as Intel, LG, Airspan Networks, Alvarion and others, to deliver the entire WiMAX ecosystem to our customers.
End-to-end solutions. We offer an end to end solution comprised of WiMAX network infrastructure, devices, Carrier Ethernet/Optical Ethernet backhaul,applications and services. This includes
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an exciting
new technology that delivers carrier class, high-speed, wireless broadband at a much lower cost than cellular and over a much greater range than WiFi.
WiMAX delivers not just significant improvements in speed, throughput and capacity to home and small business users, but also enables portable and mobile services to laptops and handheld devices.
The appeal of WiMAX systems lies in the fact that they can be applied to a host of applications offered by a range of different providers –— including cellular operators, wireline carriers, cable operators, MSOs and new entrants.
WiMAX makes new performance levels and new provider economics possible,
transforming the business case for deployment of broadband wireless access.
It creates the environment for high quality, multi-megabit services to be delivered to end users more cost effectively by creating a global marketplace and a framework for
inspiring innovation.
WiMAX has two options: Fixed
WiMAX, based on the standard IEEE
802.16-2004 or 802.16d, and IEEE
802.16-2005 or 802.16e that supports
both fixed and mobile usage.
This product brief details Nortel’s WiMAX 1000 product, which is our 802.16d Fixed WiMAX solution.
Nortel’s edge in WiMAX Experience in Wireless. Nortel is the only WiMAX vendor with experience in all mobile technologies available today across both public and private networks.
As a leading systems integrator in the 2G and 3G markets, Nortel has designed and implemented over 300 networks across 70 countries. In addition, we bring to bear the expertise of our partners, such as Intel, LG, Airspan Networks, Alvarion and others, to deliver the entire WiMAX ecosystem to our customers.
End-to-end solutions. We offer an end to end solution comprised of WiMAX network infrastructure, devices, Carrier Ethernet/Optical Ethernet backhaul,applications and services. This includes
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